SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Aureobasidium pullulans</title>

</head>

Aureobasidium pullulans

</h1>

</header>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Aureobasidium pullulans

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kingdom:

</td>

<td><a href="Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Division:

</td>

<td><a href="Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Class:

</td>

<td><a href="Dothideomycetes" title="Dothideomycetes">Dothideomycetes</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Order:

</td>

<td><a href="Dothideales" title="Dothideales">Dothideales</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Family:

</td>

<td><a href="Dothioraceae" title="Dothioraceae">Dothioraceae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Genus:

</td>

<td><a href="Aureobasidium" title="Aureobasidium">Aureobasidium</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Species:

</td>

<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">A. pullulans</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Aureobasidium pullulans <div style="font-size: 85%;">(de Bary) G. Arnaud (1918)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

Anthostomella pullulans

Aureobasidium oleae

Aureobasidium pullulans

Azymocandida malicola

Candida malicola

Cladosporium pullulans

Dematium pullulans

Exobasidium vitis

Hormonema oleae

Hormonema pullulans

Pullularia fermentans

Pullularia fermentans var. schoenii

Pullularia pullulans

Torula oleae

Torula schoenii

</td></tr>

</tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1289143401">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media(max-width:640px){body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox{width:100%!important}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox th{width:50%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow2 td{padding:2px 10px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous and generalistic <a href="Black_yeast" title="Black yeast">black, yeast-like fungus</a> that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone). It is well known as a naturally occurring <a href="Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphyte</a> or <a href="Endophyte" title="Endophyte">endophyte</a> of a wide range of plant species (e.g. <a href="Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, <a href="Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>, cucumber, green beans, cabbage) without causing any symptoms of disease.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> A. pullulans has a high importance in <a href="Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> for the production of different enzymes, <a href="Siderophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Siderophores">siderophores</a> and <a href="Pullulan" title="Pullulan">pullulan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Furthermore, A. pullulans is used in biological control of plant diseases, especially storage diseases.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Chronic human exposure to A. pullulans via humidifiers or air conditioners can lead to hypersensitivity <a href="Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a> (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) or "<a href="Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">humidifier lung</a>". This condition is characterized acutely by <a href="Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, cough, fever, chest infiltrates, and acute inflammatory reaction. The condition can also be chronic, and <a href="Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocyte</a>-mediated. The chronic condition is characterized radiographically by reticulonodular infiltrates in the lung, with apical sparing. The strains causing infections in humans were reclassified to <a href="Aureobasidium_melanogenum" title="Aureobasidium melanogenum">A. melanogenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes-5">[5]</a>

A. pullulans can be cultivated on <a href="Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> <a href="Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a> <a href="Agar" title="Agar">agar</a>, where it produces smooth, faint pink, yeast-like colonies covered with a slimy mass of spores. Older colonies change to black due to <a href="Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">chlamydospore</a> production. Primary <a href="Conidium" title="Conidium">conidia</a> are <a href="Hyaline" title="Hyaline">hyaline</a>, smooth, ellipsoidal, one-celled, and variable in shape and size; secondary conidia are smaller. <a href="Conidium" title="Conidium">Conidiophores</a> are undifferentiated, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intercalary" class="extiw external" title="wikt:intercalary">intercalary</a> or terminal, or arising as short lateral branches. <a href="Endoconidium" title="Endoconidium">Endoconidia</a> are produced in an intercalary cell and released into a neighboring empty cell. <a href="Hypha" title="Hypha">Hyphae</a> are hyaline, smooth, and thinwalled, with transverse <a href="Septum" title="Septum">septa</a>. The fungus grows at 10–35 °C with optimum growth at 30 °C.

A. pullulans is notable for its <a href="Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">phenotypic plasticity</a>. Colony <a href="Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> may be affected by <a href="Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">carbon source</a>, colony age, temperature, light and <a href="Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a>, with colonies ranging from homogeneous to sectored, yeast-like to filamentous growth, and from small to large.<a href="#cite_note-plasticity-6">[6]</a> These changes, potentially influenced by <a href="Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> factors, and the particular developmental sequences that the colonies proceed through may be observed with the <a href="Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plasticity-6">[6]</a> Besides these <a href="Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> plasticity A. pullulans is also adaptable to various <a href="Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stressful</a> conditions: hypersaline, acidic and alkaline, cold, and oligotrophic. Therefore, it is considered to be polyextremotolerant.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

The morphology-based taxonomy of the species is complicated by the large morphological variability between strains and even within a single strain. Based on molecular analyses, four varieties of the species A. pullulans were recognised: var. pullulans from substrates with low water activity and the <a href="Phyllosphere" title="Phyllosphere">phyllosphere</a> and a variety of other habitats; var. melanogenum from aquatic habitats; var. subglaciale from <a href="Glacial_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial ice">glacial</a> habitats; and var. namibiae, which was described on the basis of only one strain isolated from <a href="Dolomitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolomitic">dolomitic</a> <a href="Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> in <a href="Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> However, when the genome sequences of these varieties became available, the differences between them were considered as too large to be accommodated in a single species. Therefore, the varieties were reclassified as new species: A. pullulans, <a href="Aureobasidium_melanogenum" title="Aureobasidium melanogenum">A. melanogenum</a>, <a href="Aureobasidium_subglaciale" title="Aureobasidium subglaciale">A. subglaciale</a>, and <a href="Aureobasidium_namibiae" title="Aureobasidium namibiae">A. namibiae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes-5">[5]</a>

The genome of A. pullulans s. str. contains large numbers of genes of gene families that can be linked to the nutritional versatility of the species and its stress tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes-5">[5]</a> The genome also contains a <a href="Homothallism" title="Homothallism">homothallic</a> <a href="Mating-type_locus" title="Mating-type locus">mating-type locus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Further genome sequencing of fifty A. pullulans s. str. strains showed that the population of the species is homogeneous, with high levels of <a href="Recombination_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombination (biology)">recombination</a> and good dispersal. The species A. pullulans was thus recognised as a true <a href="Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist</a>, able to inhabit a wide variety of habitats with no specialization to any of these habitats at the genomic level.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Despite the presence in the genome of a putative mating locus, and the observation of high recombination rates, no sexual cycle has yet been reported in this organism.

Due to the relatively recent redefinition of the species, most published work does not yet distinguish between the new species belonging to the previously recognised A. pullulans species complex. It is therefore not clear to what extent this knowledge is valid for A. pullulans s. str. and what should be attributed to the three new species.

<ul><li><a href="Aureobasidium_melanogenum" title="Aureobasidium melanogenum">Aureobasidium melanogenum</a></li>

<li><a href="Aureobasidium_namibiae" title="Aureobasidium namibiae">Aureobasidium namibiae</a></li>

<li><a href="Aureobasidium_subglaciale" title="Aureobasidium subglaciale">Aureobasidium subglaciale</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsSpearNordheim2002" class="citation journal cs1">Andrews, J. H.; Spear, R. N.; Nordheim, E. V. (2002). "Population biology of Aureobasidium pullulans on apple leaf surfaces". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 48 (6): 500–13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fw02-044">10.1139/w02-044</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12166677">12166677</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChiWangChiYue2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chi, Z; Wang, F; Chi, Z; Yue, L; Liu, G; Zhang, T (2009). "Bioproducts from Aureobasidium pullulans, a biotechnologically important yeast". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 82 (5): 793–804. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-1882-2">10.1007/s00253-009-1882-2</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19198830">19198830</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6356992">6356992</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFerreira-PintoMoura-GuedesBarreiroPais2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira-Pinto, M. M.; Moura-Guedes, M. C.; Barreiro, M. G.; Pais, I; Santos, M. R.; Silva, M. J. (2006). "Aureobasidium pullulansas a biocontrol agent of blue mold in "Rocha" pear". Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences. 71 (3 Pt B): 973–8. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17390846">17390846</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhangSpadaroValenteGaribaldi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, D; Spadaro, D; Valente, S; Garibaldi, A; Gullino, M. L. (2012). "Cloning, characterization, expression and antifungal activity of an alkaline serine protease of Aureobasidium pullulans PL5 involved in the biological control of postharvest pathogens". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 153 (3): 453–64. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.016">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.016</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F88995">2318/88995</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22225984">22225984</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42311632">42311632</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aureobasidium_spp._genomes_5-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFGostinčarOhmKogejSonjak2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gostinčar, Cene; Ohm, Robin A; Kogej, Tina; Sonjak, Silva; Turk, Martina; Zajc, Janja; Zalar, Polona; Grube, Martin; Sun, Hui; Han, James; Sharma, Aditi; Chiniquy, Jennifer; Ngan, Chew Yee; Lipzen, Anna; Barry, Kerrie; Grigoriev, Igor V; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4227064">"Genome sequencing of four Aureobasidium pullulans varieties: biotechnological potential, stress tolerance, and description of new species"</a>. BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 549. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-15-549">10.1186/1471-2164-15-549</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4227064">4227064</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24984952">24984952</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-plasticity-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plasticity_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plasticity_6-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSlepeckyStarmer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Slepecky, R. A.; Starmer, W. T. (2009). "Phenotypic plasticity in fungi: A review with observations on Aureobasidium pullulans". Mycologia. 101 (6): 823–32. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3852%2F08-197">10.3852/08-197</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19927747">19927747</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24313971">24313971</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGostinčarGrubeGunde-Cimerman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gostinčar, C.; Grube, M.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2011). "Evolution of Fungal Pathogens in Domestic Environments?". Fungal Biol. 115 (10): 1008–1018. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2011.03.004">10.1016/j.funbio.2011.03.004</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21944213">21944213</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZalarGostincarDe_HoogUrsic2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zalar, P.; Gostincar, C.; De Hoog, G. S.; Ursic, V.; Sudhadham, M.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610310">"Redefinition of Aureobasidium pullulans and its varieties"</a>. Studies in Mycology. 61: 21–38. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3114%2Fsim.2008.61.02">10.3114/sim.2008.61.02</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610310">2610310</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19287524">19287524</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGostinčarTurkZajcGunde-Cimerman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gostinčar, Cene; Turk, Martina; Zajc, Janja; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6852026">"Fifty Aureobasidium pullulans genomes reveal a recombining polyextremotolerant generalist"</a>. Environmental Microbiology. 21 (10): 3638–3652. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnvMi..21.3638G">2019EnvMi..21.3638G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1462-2920.14693">10.1111/1462-2920.14693</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-2920">1462-2920</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6852026">6852026</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31112354">31112354</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Themis J. Michailides. <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/crops/papers/Chapter_27.pdf">""Above ground fungal diseases", Chapter 27"</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFleet2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fleet, G.H. (2003). "Yeast interactions and wine flavour". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 86 (1–2): 11–22. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0168-1605%2803%2900245-9">10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00245-9</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12892919">12892919</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFalconiMendgen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Falconi, C.J.; Mendgen, K. (1994). "Epiphytic fungi on apple leaves and their value for control of the postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructigena and Penicillium expansum". Z. PflKrankh. PflSchutz. 101: 38–47.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWebbMundt1978" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, T.A.; Mundt, J.O. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC242901">"Molds on vegetables at the time of harvest"</a>. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35 (4): 655–658. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApEnM..35..655W">1978ApEnM..35..655W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.35.4.655-658.1978">10.1128/AEM.35.4.655-658.1978</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC242901">242901</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/646353">646353</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSimonCaye-VaugienBouchonneau1993" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, L.; Caye-Vaugien, C.; Bouchonneau, M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-139-5-979">"Relation between pullulan production, morphological state and growth conditions in Aureobasidium pullulans: new observations"</a>. Journal of General Microbiology. 139 (5): 979–985. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-139-5-979">10.1099/00221287-139-5-979</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Aurpu_var_pul1/Aurpu_var_pul1.home.html">Genome Page on Mycocosm</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3038" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3038" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Aureobasidium pullulans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147300" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q147300">Q147300</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60017280">60017280</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/AUREPU">AUREPU</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/66416">66416</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/350153">350153</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=101771">101771</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10980794">10980794</a></li>

<li><a href="MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/508998">508998</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001475380">NHMSYS0001475380</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=101771">101771</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=146416">146416</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Aureobasidium_pullulans&oldid=1279206332">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>